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Pieter Slegers — Eli Lilly: From Insulin to Obesity King

The second full 15-step deep dive in this archive, and the second published pass: a 8.2/10 quality score, an extraordinary compounding record — and a price that requires 18.9% annual net-income growth just to pay a 10% return.
2026-JUL-23 · Compounding Quality (Substack) · Pieter Slegers / Team Compounding Quality · written post (15-step deep dive) · read ↗ · transcript · actionable insights
One-line take: the same template applied to HEICO two weeks earlier reaches the same destination by a different route — a superb business declined on price. Total Quality Score 8.2/10, with 10/10 on historical value creation ("$10,000 since 1992 → $1.8 million" against $0.3 million for the S&P 500; +14.1% CAGR since its 1978 IPO) and 9/10 on moat, historical growth, outlook and owner's earnings. The two 6/10s are the whole story: stock-based compensation, and valuation. On valuation the three methods deliberately disagree — the forward PE of 32.2x sits above the 10-year average of 30.3x (fail), the Earnings Growth Model returns 11.9% on 13% EPS growth and a multiple falling to 27x (pass), and the reverse DCF says Lilly must compound net income at 18.9% per year to deliver 10% (fail). His own long-run estimate is 10-15%, so the implied rate is above what he himself believes: "There is no room for error (no margin of safety)." One qualification worth noting — the capital-intensity test is failed on headline CAPEX (12.0% of sales) and passed once maintenance CAPEX is separated out (2.8%), which is the template's most transferable single move. The verdict: "Eli Lilly is a phenomenal business. But we think it's too expensive right now. We will wait patiently for a more attractive valuation. We feel more comfortable with Novo Nordisk."

1. Stocks & names mentioned

Two names. Eli Lilly is the subject and is passed on valuation; Novo Nordisk is named once, in the final line, as the preferred way to own the same GLP-1 theme — and is a portfolio holding elsewhere in this archive. Drugs (Mounjaro, Zepbound, Trulicity, Donanemab, Verzenio, Ozempic, Wegovy) and CEO David Ricks are discussed but are not securities. Research legend: QT Qualtrim · SA Seeking Alpha · STK Stock Analysis. Written post with no timestamps — the At link opens the article.

TickerNameResearchViewWhat he saidAt
NVONovo NordiskQT · SA · STK · FAPositiveThe preferred way to own the same theme — and the post's last sentence. Named twice: as the co-owner of the market ("they dominate the entire market for diabetic and obesity care together with Novo Nordisk") and as the competitive risk to Lilly ("Eli Lilly faces strong competition from Novo Nordisk, the maker of Ozempic and Wegovy. The race to dominate the obesity and diabetes market is becoming more intense"). The conclusion inverts that: "We feel more comfortable with Novo Nordisk." No valuation work is shown here — the preference is stated, not argued, and rests on the price comparison rather than on business quality.read ↗
LLYEli Lilly and CompanyQT · SA · STK · FANeutralA published pass — 8.2/10 on quality, declined on price. Stock $1,163.0, market cap $1.1 trillion, classified "Oligopoly." The moat is five-part (patents, 10-12 year FDA approval cycles, physician trust, presence in 120+ countries, R&D reinvestment at ~25% of revenue) with GLP-1 stickiness on top — "patients stay on these drugs long-term, making revenue extremely sticky" — behind a gross margin of 82.8% and ROIC of 32.5%. Growth is exceptional (revenue +13.0% and EPS +27.0% CAGR over ten years; owner's earnings +27.5%), and management is credited: "CEO David Ricks took charge in 2017. Since then, shares are up over +1.400% (!)." The block is price: forward PE 32.2x against a 30.3x ten-year average, and a reverse DCF requiring 18.9% annual net-income growth for a 10% return when "I think Eli Lilly should be able to grow its EPS by 10-15% per year in the long term." Verdict: "a phenomenal business. But we think it's too expensive right now. We will wait patiently for a more attractive valuation."read ↗

This is the archive's second explicit pass on a name that scores well — HEICO on 5 July (7.8/10, valuation 2/10) and now Lilly (8.2/10, valuation 6/10). The pattern is worth holding on to: a deep dive here is as likely to end in a "follow list" verdict as in a purchase, and the deciding input in both cases was the reverse DCF's implied growth rate measured against the author's own forecast — not against the analyst consensus, which for Lilly is far higher (32.8% expected EPS growth over two years, described as "very optimistic").

2. Talking points

The opening claim, and the scale of the record

Step 1 — the business, and the two markets that matter

Step 3 — five moat pillars, and the GLP-1 stickiness on top

Step 4 — the end markets, sized

Step 5 — risks, including the one that decides the case

Step 7 — the maintenance-CAPEX correction

Steps 8-11 — the quality block passes cleanly

Step 12 — where he departs from the consensus

Step 13 — three valuation methods, deliberately disagreeing

The scorecard and the verdict

3. In plain English

A jargon-free summary of the thesis behind each argued name. (Renders on each name's consolidated page.)

LLY — Eli Lilly and Company Neutral

Eli Lilly invents drugs and sells them while the patent lasts. Its two big prizes right now are the weight-loss and diabetes injections Mounjaro and Zepbound, and an Alzheimer's drug called Donanemab that, if approved, could add billions a year. Between Lilly and Novo Nordisk, essentially two companies own the obesity market.

The business quality is not in dispute anywhere in the piece. It keeps about 83 cents of gross profit on every dollar of sales, earns roughly a third on every dollar of capital it puts to work, and has turned $10,000 in 1992 into $1.8 million — against $0.3 million for the index. The moat is layered: patents, an approval process that takes a decade and billions of dollars to clear, doctors who trust the brand, a sales network in 120 countries, and patients who stay on these particular drugs indefinitely, which makes the revenue behave like a subscription.

There is one clever technical move worth understanding. Lilly spends 12% of sales on factories and equipment, which by his usual rule would make it too capital-hungry to own. He splits that spending into two kinds: the part needed just to keep existing plants running, and the part building new capacity for growth. Using depreciation as a proxy for the first, only 2.8% of sales is genuinely maintenance — the rest is expansion, which is a choice rather than a burden. Corrected that way, the business passes comfortably.

What stops him is price. Three valuation methods are run and they do not agree, which is the point. Against its own ten-year history the stock is slightly expensive. The forward-return model says about 11.9% a year if earnings grow 13% and the multiple drifts down — acceptable. But the reverse calculation, which asks what growth today's price already assumes, says Lilly must grow profits 18.9% a year for a decade just to hand you 10%. He himself expects 10-15%. Paying a price that requires more than you believe is the definition of no margin of safety, so he passes and waits — and says he is more comfortable owning Novo Nordisk for the same theme.

NVO — Novo Nordisk Positive

Novo Nordisk is the other half of the GLP-1 duopoly — the maker of Ozempic and Wegovy, and the company Lilly is racing. It appears twice in this piece: once as the partner in dominance ("they dominate the entire market for diabetic and obesity care together with Novo Nordisk") and once as the principal competitive risk to the stock being analysed.

Then the final sentence flips the framing: "We feel more comfortable with Novo Nordisk." No workings are shown for that preference here — it is an expression of relative price, not a claim that Novo is the better business. The whole Lilly analysis is a demonstration that quality and price are separate questions, and this closing line is the practical consequence: when you want exposure to a theme but the best-quality name is priced for perfection, the cheaper participant in the same duopoly is the position.

Novo is a portfolio holding elsewhere in this archive, where the August update notes its Oral Wegovy and higher-dose injection approvals across the EU — and also shows it as the one holding whose earnings are forecast to go sideways to 2028, which is worth reading alongside this endorsement.


Summary derived from the archived Compounding Quality post (text in transcript.txt) for personal study. Not investment advice. © Compounding Quality / Pieter Slegers for source material.